SSC-CGL 2025 Questions

24 Sep 2025 • Shift 1

100 Questions AvailableTake as Test

Question 1

Logical Reasoning

Find the missing number: 5, 15, 35, 75, ?

145

150

155

160

Question 2

Logical Reasoning

Rs. 900 shared among 9 people. 3 back out. What's new share per person?

Rs. 150

Rs. 120

Rs. 180

Rs. 100

Question 3

Logical Reasoning

Find the missing term. 6, 12, 24, 30, 60, ?

120

Question 4

Logical Reasoning

What should come in place of the question mark '?' in the following number series? 72, 71, 74, 69, 76, ?

Question 5

Logical Reasoning

In a certain code language, 'play with fire' is coded as 'ab, cd, ef', 'fire and water' is coded as 'ef, gh, ij ', 'play and rain' is coded as 'ab, gh, kl'. How will 'with rain play' be coded in the same language?

cd, kl, ab

cd, gh, ab

ef, kl, ab

cd, kl, ef

Question 6

Logical Reasoning

What comes next in the series? C, F, I, L, ?

Question 7

Logical Reasoning

Find the missing term. 3, 5, 8, 12, 17, 23, ?

Question 8

Logical Reasoning

Choose the address that is the same as the one given below. House No. 45, Sector 12, Noida - 201301

House No. 45, Sector 12, Delhi - 201301

House No. 45, Sector 12, Noida - 201301

House No. 54, Sector 12, Noida - 201301

House No. 45, Sector 21, Noida - 201301

Question 9

Logical Reasoning

Statement: 1. All books are papers. 2. No paper is plastic. Conclusions: I. No book is plastic. II. Some plastics are books.

Only I follows

Only II follows

Both I and II follow

Neither I nor II follows

Question 10

Logical Reasoning

What is the next number in the series? 4, 12, 36, 108, ?

216

324

432

540

Question 11

Logical Reasoning

Find the ODD one out from the given options.

225

256

196

210

Question 12

Logical Reasoning

Statement: 1. All birds are animals. 2. Some animals are wild. Conclusions: I. Some birds are wild. II. Some animals are birds.

Only I follows.

Only II follows.

Both I and II follow.

Neither I nor II follows.

Question 13

Logical Reasoning

The seminar in Jaipur happened 4 days before Bhopal. The seminar in Lucknow happened 3 days after Bhopal. If Jaipur's seminar was on 10 September, when was Lucknow's?

17 September

16 September

15 September

18 September

Question 14

Logical Reasoning

If "RAMA" is written as "TCOC", how will "SITA" be written?

UKVC

UJVC

UJWB

TJVC

Question 15

Logical Reasoning

A sum of money becomes Rs. 8800 after 2 years and Rs. 9680 after 3 years at compound interest. What is the rate of interest per annum?

10%

12%

15%

Question 16

Logical Reasoning

Find the WRONG term in the given series. 15, 46, 139, 419, 1255, 3766

419

1255

139

Question 17

Logical Reasoning

What comes next? AB, DE, GH, JK, ?

Question 18

Logical Reasoning

A number is increased by 25% and then decreased by 20%. What is the net change in the number?

No change

5% increase

5% decrease

1% decrease

Question 19

Logical Reasoning

If 92= 81 and 122= 144, then 112= ?

121

122

123

124

Question 20

Logical Reasoning

If 3:9 and 4:16, find 5:?

Question 21

Logical Reasoning

If SCHOOL is coded as TDIPPM, how is MARKET coded in the same code?

NBSLFU

NBSKFU

NARLFU

NBSLFV

Question 22

Logical Reasoning

From the given alternatives, find the word which cannot be formed from the letters used in the given word. DEDUCTION

Action

Tone

Done

Deduct

Question 23

Logical Reasoning

Replace special characters with mathematical signs as given in options to make it meaningful equation. 8 $ 4 # 2 = 16

×, +

÷, -

+, ×

-, ÷

Question 24

Logical Reasoning

Select the one that is different.

Keyboard

Mouse

Printer

Windows

Question 25

Logical Reasoning

Complete the series. 8, 27, 64, 125, ?

150

180

216

243

Question 26

Consider the following about population growth in India: Statement-I: The population pyramid in India is broad at the base and top and narrow in the middle. Statement-II: India has a large proportion of young population due to high birth rates and declining death rates. Which one of the following is CORRECT in respect of the above statements?

Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II incorrect

Statement-I incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Question 27

The primary focus of the Quad is in which region?

Europe

Africa

Indo-Pacific

South America

Question 28

Which of the following works was composed by the Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadevaraya and is renowned for its poetic richness and devotion to Lord Vishnu?

Ramacharitam

Amuktamalyada

Gita Govinda

Manimekalai

Question 29

The revolutionary Bagha Jatin (Jatindranath Mukherjee) was known for his valiant fight and for inspiring revolutionaries in which Indian state?

Punjab

Uttar Pradesh

Bengal

Bihar

Question 30

The "Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM -KUSUM)" scheme has a focus on the energy sector within agriculture. What is the primary objective of this scheme?

To provide free electricity to all agricultural consumers

To promote the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for higher yields

To encourage the installation of solar pumps and grid-connected solar power plants in rural areas

To improve the rural electricity grid infrastructure for better power supply

Question 31

Which among the following is NOT a Vedanga, or the limbs of the Veda?

Kalpa

Vaisheshika

Vyakarana

Jyotisha

Question 32

The Government of India Act of 1935 primarily aimed to:

Grant complete independence to India

Establish a Dominion status for India

Provide for a federal structure with provincial autonomy

Introduce universal adult suffrage

Question 33

Which sport is the term "zugzwang" associated with?

Kabaddi

Chess

Shooting

Table Tennis

Question 34

The color order in a secondary rainbow is:

Same as primary rainbow

Reversed compared to primary rainbow

Random and variable

Depends on humidity

Question 35

Who is the 20th governor of Uttar Pradesh since 2019?

Anandiben Patel

Satya Pal Malik

Ram Naresh Yadav

Rajendra Vishwanath Arlekar

Question 36

Fill in the Blank: Thoda combines martial art with ______ in Himachal Pradesh.

Archery

Swordplay

Stick-fighting

Wrestling

Question 37

Which of the following statements about Sir M. Visvesvaraya is correct?

He was the first recipient of the Bharat Ratna

He was known for his role in India's hydroelectric projects

He designed the first Indian Rail budget model

He was a noted industrialist from pre-Independence India

Question 38

What distinguishes ISRO's Aditya-L1 mission from other solar observatories?

It uses radar waves to study the Sun

It orbits the Sun directly

It will study the solar corona from Lagrange Point 1

It is placed in a lunar orbit

Question 39

Which of the following statements about output markets in an open economy is correct?

A country can only produce what it consumes

Consumers are restricted to domestically produced goods

Trade in goods and services allows wider consumer and producer choice

Only producers benefit from international trade

Question 40

The Planning Commission was established in which year?

1947

1949

1950

1952

Question 41

Which of the given statements is/are CORRECT regarding solar power production? Solar power is a renewable energy source with low operational costs and minimal environmental impact. Kamuthi Solar Power Project is one of the largest single -location solar power plants in India, with a capacity of 648 MW.

Both 1 and 2

1 only

2 only

Neither 1 nor 2

Question 42

Which of the following is a cybercrime related to identity theft under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023?

Using public Wi-Fi to access online accounts

Stealing personal details to create fake identities and commit fraud

Downloading free music from unofficial websites

Posting harmless pictures on a social media profile

Question 43

Fill in the blank: The final match of the 133rd Durand Cup, held between 26 July and 31 August 2024, featured Northeast United FC competing against ______.

Bengaluru FC

East Bengal FC

Mohun Bagan SG

FC Goa

Question 44

Which of the following statements most accurately describes a key difference between the Mathura and Gandhara schools of art, as broadly understood in Indian architectural history?

Mathura art primarily used green phyllite, while Gandhara art used spotted red sandstone

Gandhara art developed on purely indigenous lines, whereas Mathura art showed foreign influences

Mathura art predominantly focused on Buddhist themes, while Gandhara focused on Hindu deities

Mathura art depicted Buddha in an indigenous Yaksha-like style, whereas Gandhara art reflected Hellenistic (Greco- Roman) features

Question 45

The rock-cut Kailasa temple at Ellora was carved out of how many rocks?

One single rock

Cement blocks

Three adjoining rocks

A cluster of stones

Question 46

Which Nigerian author received the 2021 PEN Pinter Prize for their "unflinching" exploration of identity, gender, and migration?

Teju Cole

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

Ben Okri

Tsitsi Dangarembga

Question 47

Which of the following statements about India's National and Institutional Sports Competitions is/are correct? National Games began in 1924 at Lahore and were renamed from the IX Games in Bombay. SGFI holds nationals only for boys under 17 in contact sports like Wrestling and Kabaddi. Inter-University tournaments use knockout or league formats and allow one team per university.

Only 1 and 2 are Correct

Only 1 and 3 are Correct

Only 2 and 3 are correct

1, 2 and 3 are Correct

Question 48

Read the following statements carefully and choose the correct option regarding Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Assertion (A): The 1991 reforms led to the opening of the Indian economy to foreign investors. Reason (R): The government wanted to increase domestic savings rate rapidly.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A

A is true but R is false

A is false but R is true

Question 49

The Index of Economic Freedom 2025 is published by which conservative think tank?

Cato Institute

Heritage Foundation

American Enterprise Institute

Brookings Institution

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT a type of raga-based performance?

Thumri

Dhrupad

Prabandha

Sonata

Question 51

Arithmetic

In a quadrilateral ABCD, angles A, B, C are in the ratio 1:2:3. If angle D = 120°, what is angle A?

60°

64°

40°

50°

Question 52

Arithmetic

Simplify: √(7+4√3)

√3+2

2+√7

√3+√5

5+√3

Question 53

Arithmetic

A sum of ₹8000 is lent out in two parts, one at 5% simple interest and the other at 7% simple interest. If the annual interest is ₹500, the sum lent at 7% is:

₹3000

₹4000

₹4500

₹5000

Question 54

Arithmetic

Jayesh covers one-fourth of his journey at 20 km/h, another one -fourth at 10 km/h, and the rest at 70 km/h. What is his average speed?

18.25 km/h

22.4 km/h

16.35 km/h

15.55 km/h

Question 55

Arithmetic

A man observes the top of a pole with an angle of elevation of 45°. He walks 15 m towards the pole, and the angle of elevation becomes 60°. What is the height of the pole?

15(√3-1)m

15(3-√3)m

15(√3+1) 2 m

15(3+√3) 2 m

Question 56

Arithmetic

A rectangular tank measures 12 cm long, 10 cm wide, and 6 cm high. If a spherical ball of the largest possible size is placed inside this tank, what is the volume of the space not occupied by the ball?

(720-27л)сm³

(720-36л)сm³

(600-36л)сm³

(720-288л)cm³

Question 57

Arithmetic

A and B share profit in 7:5. If B gets Rs. 15,000, how much did A receive?

Rs. 21,000

Rs. 17,500

Rs. 19,000

Rs. 20,000

Question 58

Arithmetic

What is the ratio of the interior angle of a regular hexagon to the interior angle of a regular 12 -sided polygon (dodecagon)?

4:7

3:7

4:5

3:5

Question 59

Arithmetic

A man walks a square plot of area 121 m². If he walks once around its boundary, how far does he walk?

44 m

46 m

48 m

52 m

Question 60

Arithmetic

Two numbers are in the ratio 5:7. If 9 is added to each, the new ratio becomes 8:11. What are the original numbers?

135 and 189

150 and 210

120 and 168

180 and 252

Question 61

Arithmetic

A:B = 3:4, B:C = 6:7, C:D = 14:15. What is the ratio A:D?

3:5

9:16

7:20

9:25

Question 62

Arithmetic

A bag contains 20% red balls, 30% green balls and the rest blue balls. If there are 80 blue balls, what is the total number of balls?

100

160

200

240

Question 63

Arithmetic

A candidate attempted 75% of the questions in an exam. He got 80% of the attempted ones correct, and 10% of the unattempted ones were also awarded marks due to grace. If the total number of questions is 200, how many did he get right?

130

135

120

125

Question 64

Arithmetic

A trader gave a 20% discount on the market price but still earned a 10% profit. What percentage was the market price above the cost price?

25.5%

35%

37.5%

40%

Question 65

Arithmetic

A cricketer has played 8 innings with an average score of 40. In the next inning, he scores 80. What will be the new average?

40.44

46.44

44.44

48.44

Question 66

Arithmetic

A combo offer says, "Buy 2 shirts at Rs. 1200 each, get a third shirt free." What is the effective price per shirt?

Rs. 850

Rs. 800

Rs. 1000

Rs. 900

Question 67

Arithmetic

Two taps can fill a tub in 6 minutes and 4 minutes, respectively. A pipe can empty it in 3 minutes. If all the three are kept open simultaneously, when will the tub be full?

10 min

12 min

7 min

15 min

Question 68

Arithmetic

In a company, the average salary of 5 junior employees is Rs. 30,000, and that of 4 senior employees is Rs. 60,000. What is the combined average salary?

Rs. 30,333.33

Rs. 30,000.33

Rs. 33,333.33

Rs. 43,333.33

Question 69

Arithmetic

A container has a 100-litre mixture of acid and water in the ratio 4:1. 20 litres is removed and replaced with water . Then 20 litres is removed again and replaced with pure acid. What is the final percentage of acid?

76.8%

78.4%

81.6%

71.2%

Question 70

Arithmetic

If sec A = 13/12 and A is acute, find sin A.

5/13

12/13

5/12

13/5

Question 71

Arithmetic

Convert 2π/3 radians to degrees.

120°

90°

180°

60°

Question 72

Arithmetic

If A + B = 90° and tan A = 2, determine the value of tan A × tan B.

1/2

Question 73

Arithmetic

In a right-angled triangle, the Orthocenter lies at which of the following points?

The midpoint of the hypotenuse.

The vertex of the right angle.

A point on the hypotenuse but not the midpoint.

The midpoint of one of the legs.

Question 74

Arithmetic

A circle has a radius of 13 cm. A chord is drawn at a distance of 5 cm from the center . What is the length of the chord?

12 cm

13 cm

24 cm

26 cm

Question 75

Arithmetic

A tangent is drawn from a point 17 cm from the center of a circle of radius 8 cm. Find the length of the tangent.

12 cm

15 cm

13 cm

10 cm

Question 76

Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the correctly spelt word. The auditor's report revealed only a ________ examination of the company's financial records.

supperficial

superficiall

supurficiel

superficial

Question 77

Comprehension

Choose the correct one-word substitute for: 'A person who insists on strict adherence to rules'.

Despot

Martinet

Pedant

Zealot

Question 78

Comprehension

Convert the sentence provided below from its passive voice structure to an active voice structure: The allegation that the records had been falsified was reported as unsubstantiated.

The records falsified the allegation, which was reported.

The reporting of the records' falsification was alleged.

It was reported as unsubstantiated that the records were falsified.

Investigators reported the allegation that someone had falsified the records as unsubstantiated.

Question 79

Comprehension

Choose the correct meaning of idiom: Cut the Gordian knot

To complicate a straightforward matter unnecessarily

To postpone an inevitable confrontation

To seek counsel from multiple advisors before deciding

To resolve a difficult problem by bold, decisive action

Question 80

Comprehension

Choose the correct one-word substitute for: 'Deliberate breach of faith or betrayal of trust'.

Mendacity

Turpitude

Perfidy

Treachery

Question 81

Comprehension

Choose the correct meaning of idiom: Harp on the same string

To switch topics abruptly during a discussion

To speak evasively about a sensitive issue

To change one's stance under external pressure

To dwell on the same subject repeatedly and tediously

Question 82

Comprehension

Select the correct option for the Direct Speech conversion of the sentence below. The biologist remarked that genetic mutations could be accelerated by prolonged radiation exposure.

The biologist said, "Genetic mutations can be accelerated by prolonged radiation exposure."

She remarked, "If radiation is prolonged, genetic mutations will be accelerated."

The biologist said, "Genetic mutations could be accelerated by prolonged radiation exposure."

She said, "Genetic mutations accelerate when radiation exposure is prolonged."

Question 83

Comprehension

Choose the correctly spelt word meaning of the theory that all knowledge comes from sensory experience.

Empirisism

Empiricizm

Empiricism

Empericizm

Question 84

Comprehension

Select the most appropriate antonym of the given word. Incipient

Embryonic

Rudimentary

Germinal

Mature

Question 85

Comprehension

Find the part of the sentence that contains an error: Despite the warning signs, (1)/ the project lead had failed recognising (2)/ the critical flaws in the initial design (3)/ before the prototype was approved. (4)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Question 86

Comprehension

Select the sentence containing the homonym of the highlighted word: The conductor praised the rich bass resonance of the choir's lower section.

The angler pulled a striped bass from the cold river at dawn.

The bass line in the symphony was composed by Brahms.

She turned up the bass on the equaliser for a fuller sound.

The bass drum set the tempo for the entire orchestra.

Question 87

Comprehension

Rearrange the following sentences in correct order to make a logical passage. 1. Clinical trials assess safety and efficacy before regulatory bodies grant approval. 2. Vaccine development begins with identifying antigens that trigger an immune response. 3. Once approved, mass immunisation campaigns aim to achieve herd immunity. 4. Ongoing surveillance monitors for adverse effects and emerging pathogen variants.

2-3-1-4

2-4-1-3

4-1-2-3

2-1-3-4

Question 88

Comprehension

Spot the correct spelling of a sound-imitative word class.

Onomatopoeya

Onomatopoeia

Onnomatopoeia

Onomatopeia

Question 89

Comprehension

Rearrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph: 1. This makes solar power an increasingly cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels. 2. Solar energy harnesses sunlight through photovoltaic cells to generate electricity. 3. Technological advances have significantly reduced the cost of manufacturing solar panels. 4. Widespread adoption, however, requires improvements in energy storage and grid integration.

2, 3, 1, 4

3, 1, 4, 2

1, 2, 4, 3

4, 2, 3, 1

Question 90

Comprehension

Rearrange the following sentences to form a meaningful passage: 1. Regular reading strengthens vocabulary, analytical thinking, and empathy. 2. Despite the rise of digital media, the habit of reading remains indispensable. 3. Reading literary fiction, in particular, has been shown to enhance theory of mind. 4. Cultivating a reading culture therefore demands deliberate effort from both educators and policymakers.

2-1-3-4

3-1-4-2

1-3-2-4

4-2-1-3

Question 91

Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the appropriate article. epic tragedy 'Paradise Lost' by celebrated poet John Milton.

The, the

An, the

An, a

A, the

Question 92

Comprehension

Change the following from active to passive: The engineers may have been overlooking certain critical safety protocols.

Certain critical safety protocols may have been overlooked by the engineers.

Certain critical safety protocols may be being overlooked by the engineers.

Certain critical safety protocols may have been being overlooked by the engineers.

Certain critical safety protocols may had been being overlooked by the engineers.

Question 93

Comprehension

Choose the correct meaning of idiom: At sea

Navigating a situation skillfully

Acting recklessly without regard for consequences

Seeking an adventurous escape from routine

Feeling confused or perplexed

Question 94

Comprehension

A sentence is provided in direct speech. From the four given options, choose the one that most accurately conveys the sentence in its corresponding indirect speech. She said to him, "Have you submitted the quarterly report?"

She asked him had he submitted the quarterly report.

She asked him whether he has submitted the quarterly report.

She asked him whether he had submitted the quarterly report.

She said him that he had submitted the quarterly report.

Question 95

Comprehension

Which of the following is the correct tense used in the sentence: "Disruption of this process through habitual short sleep has been tentatively linked to elevated long -term risk of cognitive decline."? Read the passage and answer the questions: The relationship between sleep and cognitive performance has become a focal point of neurological research, with mounting evidence suggesting that sleep deprivation exerts a far more pervasive influence on mental functioning than previously acknowledged. B eyond the well -documented effects on alertness and reaction time, chronic sleep insufficiency has been shown to impair higher-order executive functions, including working memory, decision-making, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. These impairments d o not manifest as sudden breakdowns but instead accumulate imperceptibly over time, rendering individuals progressively less capable without their awareness —a particularly treacherous dimension of prolonged sleep debt. At the neurological level, sleep serves as a critical period of cellular restoration and synaptic consolidation. During non- REM sleep, the glymphatic system actively clears metabolic waste products from the brain, including amyloid -beta proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Disruption of this process through habitual short sleep has been tentatively linked to elevated long -term risk of cognitive decline. Simultaneously, REM sleep is integral to emotional regulation and the consolidation of procedural and declarative memory —processes that cannot be compensated by mere wakefulness. Despite the compelling scientific consensus surrounding sleep's restorative function, modern professional culture continues to valorise overwork and dismiss sleep as a concession to weakness. Addressing this cultural inertia requires not only individual be havioural change but also systemic institutional reform: workplaces must actively discourage practices that incentivise sleep deprivation, while public health campaigns should endeavour to reframe adequate sleep as a cornerstone of productivity and cognitive wellbeing rather than a sign of insufficient ambition.

Simple Past

Present Perfect Passive

Future Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Question 96

Comprehension

Identify the grammatical function of the phrase "Beyond the well-documented effects on alertness and reaction time" in the first paragraph. Read the passage and answer the questions: The relationship between sleep and cognitive performance has become a focal point of neurological research, with mounting evidence suggesting that sleep deprivation exerts a far more pervasive influence on mental functioning than previously acknowledged. B eyond the well -documented effects on alertness and reaction time, chronic sleep insufficiency has been shown to impair higher-order executive functions, including working memory, decision-making, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. These impairments d o not manifest as sudden breakdowns but instead accumulate imperceptibly over time, rendering individuals progressively less capable without their awareness —a particularly treacherous dimension of prolonged sleep debt. At the neurological level, sleep serves as a critical period of cellular restoration and synaptic consolidation. During non- REM sleep, the glymphatic system actively clears metabolic waste products from the brain, including amyloid -beta proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Disruption of this process through habitual short sleep has been tentatively linked to elevated long -term risk of cognitive decline. Simultaneously, REM sleep is integral to emotional regulation and the consolidation of procedural and declarative memory —processes that cannot be compensated by mere wakefulness. Despite the compelling scientific consensus surrounding sleep's restorative function, modern professional culture continues to valorise overwork and dismiss sleep as a concession to weakness. Addressing this cultural inertia requires not only individual be havioural change but also systemic institutional reform: workplaces must actively discourage practices that incentivise sleep deprivation, while public health campaigns should endeavour to reframe adequate sleep as a cornerstone of productivity and cognitive wellbeing rather than a sign of insufficient ambition.

A noun clause functioning as the main subject of the sentence.

A relative clause modifying the noun 'evidence'.

An introductory prepositional phrase modifying the main clause.

A direct object of the verb 'suggested'.

Question 97

Comprehension

What is the meaning of the word "imperceptibly" as used in the passage? Read the passage and answer the questions: The relationship between sleep and cognitive performance has become a focal point of neurological research, with mounting evidence suggesting that sleep deprivation exerts a far more pervasive influence on mental functioning than previously acknowledged. B eyond the well -documented effects on alertness and reaction time, chronic sleep insufficiency has been shown to impair higher-order executive functions, including working memory, decision-making, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. These impairments d o not manifest as sudden breakdowns but instead accumulate imperceptibly over time, rendering individuals progressively less capable without their awareness —a particularly treacherous dimension of prolonged sleep debt. At the neurological level, sleep serves as a critical period of cellular restoration and synaptic consolidation. During non- REM sleep, the glymphatic system actively clears metabolic waste products from the brain, including amyloid -beta proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Disruption of this process through habitual short sleep has been tentatively linked to elevated long -term risk of cognitive decline. Simultaneously, REM sleep is integral to emotional regulation and the consolidation of procedural and declarative memory —processes that cannot be compensated by mere wakefulness. Despite the compelling scientific consensus surrounding sleep's restorative function, modern professional culture continues to valorise overwork and dismiss sleep as a concession to weakness. Addressing this cultural inertia requires not only individual be havioural change but also systemic institutional reform: workplaces must actively discourage practices that incentivise sleep deprivation, while public health campaigns should endeavour to reframe adequate sleep as a cornerstone of productivity and cognitive wellbeing rather than a sign of insufficient ambition.

Rapidly and measurably

Predictably and systematically

In a manner too gradual to be noticed

Openly and with full awareness

Question 98

Comprehension

The word "valorise" most nearly means: Read the passage and answer the questions: The relationship between sleep and cognitive performance has become a focal point of neurological research, with mounting evidence suggesting that sleep deprivation exerts a far more pervasive influence on mental functioning than previously acknowledged. B eyond the well -documented effects on alertness and reaction time, chronic sleep insufficiency has been shown to impair higher-order executive functions, including working memory, decision-making, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. These impairments d o not manifest as sudden breakdowns but instead accumulate imperceptibly over time, rendering individuals progressively less capable without their awareness —a particularly treacherous dimension of prolonged sleep debt. At the neurological level, sleep serves as a critical period of cellular restoration and synaptic consolidation. During non- REM sleep, the glymphatic system actively clears metabolic waste products from the brain, including amyloid -beta proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Disruption of this process through habitual short sleep has been tentatively linked to elevated long -term risk of cognitive decline. Simultaneously, REM sleep is integral to emotional regulation and the consolidation of procedural and declarative memory —processes that cannot be compensated by mere wakefulness. Despite the compelling scientific consensus surrounding sleep's restorative function, modern professional culture continues to valorise overwork and dismiss sleep as a concession to weakness. Addressing this cultural inertia requires not only individual be havioural change but also systemic institutional reform: workplaces must actively discourage practices that incentivise sleep deprivation, while public health campaigns should endeavour to reframe adequate sleep as a cornerstone of productivity and cognitive wellbeing rather than a sign of insufficient ambition.

Condemn

Elevate in status or worth

Ignore

Estimate at a low rate

Question 99

Comprehension

According to the passage, what makes prolonged sleep debt particularly treacherous? Read the passage and answer the questions: The relationship between sleep and cognitive performance has become a focal point of neurological research, with mounting evidence suggesting that sleep deprivation exerts a far more pervasive influence on mental functioning than previously acknowledged. B eyond the well -documented effects on alertness and reaction time, chronic sleep insufficiency has been shown to impair higher-order executive functions, including working memory, decision-making, and the capacity for abstract reasoning. These impairments d o not manifest as sudden breakdowns but instead accumulate imperceptibly over time, rendering individuals progressively less capable without their awareness —a particularly treacherous dimension of prolonged sleep debt. At the neurological level, sleep serves as a critical period of cellular restoration and synaptic consolidation. During non- REM sleep, the glymphatic system actively clears metabolic waste products from the brain, including amyloid -beta proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions. Disruption of this process through habitual short sleep has been tentatively linked to elevated long -term risk of cognitive decline. Simultaneously, REM sleep is integral to emotional regulation and the consolidation of procedural and declarative memory —processes that cannot be compensated by mere wakefulness. Despite the compelling scientific consensus surrounding sleep's restorative function, modern professional culture continues to valorise overwork and dismiss sleep as a concession to weakness. Addressing this cultural inertia requires not only individual be havioural change but also systemic institutional reform: workplaces must actively discourage practices that incentivise sleep deprivation, while public health campaigns should endeavour to reframe adequate sleep as a cornerstone of productivity and cognitive wellbeing rather than a sign of insufficient ambition.

It causes immediate and catastrophic neurological failure.

Individuals become progressively less capable without realising it.

It permanently destroys the glymphatic system.

It prevents all forms of memory consolidation within a single night.

Question 100

Comprehension

Choose the most suitable option to replace the highlighted part of the sentence: She behaves as if she was owning the entire department.

as if she owns the entire department

as though she owned the entire department

as if she is owning the entire department

as she owns the entire department