SSC-CGL 2025 Questions

26 Sep 2025 • Shift 1

100 Questions AvailableTake as Test

Question 1

Logical Reasoning

A seminar in Jaipur was held on 12 March. Lucknow hosted it four days later . When was the Lucknow event?

14 March

15 March

16 March

17 March

Question 2

Logical Reasoning

Choose the address that is the same as the one given below. Flat 302, Sunrise Apartments, MG Road, Pune, Maharashtra - 411001

Flat 302, Sunrise Apartments, MG Road, Pune, Maharashtra - 411001

Flat 302, Sunrise Apartment, MG Road, Pune, Maharashtra - 411001

Flat 303, Sunrise Apartments, MG Road, Pune, Maharashtra - 411001

Flat 302, Sunrise Apartments, MG Road, Pune, Maharastra - 411001

Question 3

Logical Reasoning

Which two signs should be swapped to correct this equation? 24 + 8 ÷ 4 − 2 × 3 = 28

÷ and +

+ and ×

÷ and ×

+ and -

Question 4

Logical Reasoning

If each even digit is increased by 1 and each odd digit is decreased by 1 in the number 5937482614 and then arranged in descending order, what is the sum of the last five digits from the right end?

Question 5

Logical Reasoning

Identify the odd city.

Bhopal

Jaipur

Patna

Mumbai

Question 6

Logical Reasoning

If 8 + 4 × 3 = 20, then 6 + 5 × 2 = ?

Question 7

Logical Reasoning

If 9 # 3 = 27 and 5 # 4 = 20, what is 8 # 6?

Question 8

Logical Reasoning

Find the ODD one out.

8765

7654

6543

1357

Question 9

Logical Reasoning

Solve: AB : DE :: GH : ?

Question 10

Logical Reasoning

Choose the number that fits the analogy: 7 : 49 :: 9 : ?

Question 11

Logical Reasoning

A father is 5 times as old as his son. In 15 years, he will be twice as old as his son then. What is the son's present age?

Question 12

Logical Reasoning

In a certain code, "BRING" is written as "AQHMF". What is the code for STONE?

RSNMD

RSMMD

RSMNE

QSMMD

Question 13

Logical Reasoning

Statement: A report shows increasing air pollution in cities. Course of Action: 1.Promote public transport. 2. Shut down all factories permanently.

Only 1 follows

Only 2 follows

Neither follows

Both follow

Question 14

Logical Reasoning

What comes next in the series? A, C, F, J, O, ?

Question 15

Logical Reasoning

Six people P , Q, R, S, T and U live on six floors (1 lowest, 6 highest). R lives on an even floor . Two floors between R and P . P lives on 1st floor . One floor between R and S. Q lives above U. S does not live on 6th floor . Who lives 2 floors above P?

Question 16

Logical Reasoning

Complete the series. 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, ?

Question 17

Logical Reasoning

Find the odd one out: Canberra, Ottawa, Tokyo, Sydney, London

Canberra

Ottawa

Sydney

London

Question 18

Logical Reasoning

A teacher finds a student cheating in an exam. What should the teacher do?

Ignore the incident

Report and follow school policy

Publicly insult the student

Cancel entire exam

Question 19

Logical Reasoning

Find the missing number: 4 → 16 7 → 49 9 → ?

Question 20

Logical Reasoning

If in a code, TABLE is written as UBCMF, then how is CHAIR written?

DIBJS

DIBIR

DJBJS

DIBJT

Question 21

Logical Reasoning

What is the next number in the series? 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ?

Question 22

Logical Reasoning

What comes next? z26, y25, w23, t20, p16, ?

l12

m13

k11

j10

Question 23

Logical Reasoning

Statement: 1. All cups are plates. 2. Some plates are trays. 3. No tray is a bowl. Conclusions: I. Some cups are not bowls. II. All bowls are trays.

Only I follows

Only II follows

Both follow

Neither follows

Question 24

Logical Reasoning

Statement: 1. All cats are dogs. 2. All dogs are animals. Conclusions: I. All cats are animals. II. Some animals are cats.

Only I follows

Only II follows

Both I and II follow

Neither follows

Question 25

Logical Reasoning

In a certain code, a number is represented by three digits showing the remainders when the number is divided by 4, 6, and 8 respectively. Which is the least number having the code 1, 3, 5?

Question 26

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding plants?

Roots take water from the soil

Phloem tubes of cells specialized for water transport

Chlorophyll absorbs light

Stomata are pores for gaseous exchange

Question 27

Temperature and precipitation play an important role in determining the climate of a region. Consider the following statements regarding temperature variation in southern India: 1. Due to the presence of southern India in the tropical zone, the diurnal range of temperature is high. 2. Due to the continental influence, the annual mean range of temperature is greater in the coastal regions. Which of the statements given above is/are CORRECT?

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

Question 28

Temporary human settlements are usually built in which of the following regions?

Cold desert regions

Deep forested areas

Rugged mountain slopes

All of these

Question 29

Consider the following statements regarding the development of railways in India: 1. The first railway line was started in 1853 from Bombay to Pune. 2. The broad gauge covers the highest proportion of tracks of Indian railways. Which of the statement(s) given is/are INCORRECT?

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

Question 30

Which high jump technique involves bending the back, crossing the bar backwards, and landing on the shoulders?

Scissor Jump

Straddle Technique

Western Roll

Fosbury Flop

Question 31

Which of the following is a main goal of the proposed Shukrayaan-1 mission by ISRO?

Investigate Venus’ surface and atmosphere

Observe asteroids near Earth

Explore the rings of Saturn

Study Mars’ atmosphere

Question 32

Which of the following options is the correct order of the prehistoric periods?

Mesolithic, Paleolithic, Neolithic, Metal Age

Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Metal Age

Paleolithic, Neolithic, Mesolithic, Metal Age

Neolithic, Mesolithic, Paleolithic, Metal Age

Question 33

What was a key equity-based goal of land reforms implemented after independence?

Import substitution

Expansion of credit to industries

Abolition of intermediaries and land ceiling laws

Encouragement to zamindars

Question 34

Which payload on the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) captured full-disk colour images of Mars?

LAM

TMC

MCC

Question 35

Expansionary fiscal policy is NOT characterised by:

Decrease in personal taxes

Increase in government spending

Decrease in government spending

Decrease in business taxes

Question 36

Two resistors, one with a resistance of 2 ohms and the other with a resistance of 4 ohms, are connected in parallel to a 6-volt battery. What is the total current flowing through the circuit?

1 Ampere

2 Amperes

3 Amperes

4.5 Amperes

Question 37

Marco Polo, during his return from China, described the pepper trade in which region of India?

Konkan

Bengal

Malabar

Odisha

Question 38

Why did the British Parliament and Company authorities initially avoid abolishing Sati in India?

They supported the practice as part of Indian tradition

They feared religious backlash and wanted local judgment

They lacked legal authority to pass social legislation

They believed only Hindu priests should make such decisions

Question 39

Why is Matangini Hazra remembered in Indian history?

For writing a famous book

For being a queen

For her bravery in the freedom struggle

For winning a legal case

Question 40

Consider the following statements about Pranav Soorma’s performance at the Khelo India Para Games 2023: 1. He broke his own previous club throw record of 30.01 m. 2. He set a new Asian record with a throw of 33.54 m. Which of the above statements is/are correct?

Only Statement 1 is correct

Only Statement 2 is correct

Both 1 and 2 are correct

Neither 1 nor 2 is correct

Question 41

How many gold medals did India win in 2022 Commonwealth Games?

Question 42

Economic reforms in India were introduced in which year?

1991

1984

2001

1977

Question 43

The architectural style of ancient temples in Uttarakhand is primarily influenced by:

North Indian Nagara style

Indo-Gothic style

Vesara style

Chalukyan style

Question 44

Which of the following is performed by women during the Sikkim weddings?

Maruni

Chhau

Giddha

Lavani

Question 45

______ was commissioned into the Indian Navy in July 1985 and was Vice Chief of Naval Staff and Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Western Naval Command.

Admiral Karambir Singh

Admiral Sunil Lanba

Admiral R. Hari Kumar

Admiral Dinesh K. Tripathi

Question 46

Which government initiative aims to empower women through skill development and providing support for entrepreneurship?

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao

Mahila Shakti Kendra Scheme

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY)

National Mission for Empowerment of Women

Question 47

'The Inheritance of Loss' won the Booker Prize for which author?

Anita Desai

Kiran Desai

Jhumpa Lahiri

Chitra Banerjee

Question 48

What does Article 356 empower the President to do, and what are its constitutional safeguards?

Dissolve Parliament; no further approval required

Dismiss State government; needs approval within two months

Declare Financial Emergency; approval by Rajya Sabha

Suspend Fundamental Rights; needs Supreme Court approval

Question 49

What makes the Goa Civil Code distinct from other personal laws in India?

It applies only to the Hindu community in Goa

It is a uniform civil code applicable to all communities

It is based on British common law

It allows separate personal laws for different religions

Question 50

Under which Article of the Indian Constitution is President’s Rule in a State proclaimed?

352

356

360

371

Question 51

Arithmetic

If the radius of a cylinder is halved, what happens to its volume (assuming height remains constant)?

Volume is halved

Volume is doubled

Volume becomes one-fourth

Volume remains the same

Question 52

Arithmetic

What is the least square number that is divisible by 8, 12, and 20?

3600

4000

1000

5600

Question 53

Arithmetic

If the amount is Rs. 600 and the Principal is Rs. 450, which is compounded yearly for 1 year, calculate the rate of interest.

40%

45%

33.33%

35%

Question 54

Arithmetic

If P = Rs. 1,500, R = 8.5%, and T = 2.5 years, find the simple interest.

Rs. 315

Rs. 310

Rs. 318.75

Rs. 320

Question 55

Arithmetic

A person crosses a 700 m long street in 5 minutes. What is his speed in km per hour?

8.3 km/h

8.4 km/h

8 km/h

5.4 km/h

Question 56

Arithmetic

A hollow rectangular parallelepiped has external dimensions 12 cm × 10 cm × 8 cm and a thickness of 1 cm. Find its volume.

672 cm³

720 cm³

480 cm³

832 cm³

Question 57

Arithmetic

A sector of radius 14 cm has an area of 154 cm². Find the angle of the sector .

90°

120°

45°

75°

Question 58

Arithmetic

The difference between 20% of a number and 10% of the same number is 120. What is the number?

1000

1100

1200

1400

Question 59

Arithmetic

The average age of 10 students in a class increases by 1 year when a 30 -year-old teacher joins them. What was the original average age of the students?

Question 60

Arithmetic

A buyer gets two successive discounts of 20% and 10% on a Rs. 1000 item. What is the price paid?

Rs. 700

Rs. 720

Rs. 740

Rs. 750

Question 61

Arithmetic

A container has 60 litres of a mixture of acid and water in the ratio 7:3. 20% of the mixture is taken out and replaced with water . This operation is repeated once more. What is the final percentage of acid in the mixture?

44.8%

51.2%

53.7%

56.8%

Question 62

Arithmetic

The efficiency of A, B and C is 2: 3: 5. A alone can complete the work in 40 days. They all worked together for 5 days and then C left the work. In how many days can A and B together complete the remaining work?

12 days

10 days

8 days

6 days

Question 63

Arithmetic

A triangular prism has base side lengths 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm and height 10 cm. What is its lateral surface area?

180 cm²

160 cm²

150 cm²

140 cm²

Question 64

Arithmetic

A cone of radius 9 cm and height 12 cm is cut into two parts by a plane parallel to its base, at a height of 4 cm from the vertex. Find the volume of the frustum formed.

432π cm³

576π cm³

648π cm³

312π cm³

Question 65

Arithmetic

If 3 cotA = 4, then find the value of (3 sinA - 4 cos A).

(-7)/5

(-2)/5

2/5

7/5

Question 66

Arithmetic

Convert 1.5 radians to degrees.

90.56°

120°

85.94°

180°

Question 67

Arithmetic

If sinx = cos(3x-20°), what is the value of x?

25°

27.5°

30°

35.8°

Question 68

Arithmetic

In a right triangle, one of the acute angles is 30°. What is the measure of the exterior angle at the right -angled vertex?

30°

60°

120°

90°

Question 69

Arithmetic

A triangle with all its angles less than 90° has its Orthocenter located where?

Inside the triangle.

Outside the triangle.

On one of the sides of the triangle.

On one of the vertices of the triangle.

Question 70

Arithmetic

Rationalize: (√2+√3)/(√2-√3)

5+2√6

-5-2√6

5-2√6

-5+2√6

Question 71

Arithmetic

In triangle ABC, DE is drawn parallel to BC, intersecting AB and AC at D and E respectively. If AD=3, DB=6, and AE=4, find EC.

Question 72

Arithmetic

If the angle subtended by arc AB at the center is 140°, what is the reflex angle made by this arc at the center?

220°

140°

240°

280°

Question 73

Arithmetic

If tan A + sec A = 3, find tan A.

3/2

4/3

5/4

2/3

Question 74

Arithmetic

In a circle of radius r, a chord subtends an angle θ (in radians) at the center . Which expression represents the length of the minor arc?

rθ

1/2r2θ

2rsin θ/2

2πr

Question 75

Arithmetic

A, B, and C together can complete a task in 6 days. If A alone takes 12 days and B alone takes 18 days, how long will C alone take?

19 days

30 days

12 days

36 days

Question 76

Comprehension

Find the part of the sentence that contains an error: The workshop aims at providing entrepreneurs (1)/ with practical advices (2)/ on scaling operations (3)/ in emerging markets. (4)/

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Question 77

Comprehension

Change the following from active to passive: They had sent the invitations by courier .

The invitations were sent by courier .

The invitations have been sent by courier .

The invitations had been sent by courier .

The invitations had been being sent by courier .

Question 78

Comprehension

A sentence is provided in direct speech. From the four given options, choose the one that most accurately conveys the sentence in its corresponding indirect speech. She said, "I was very tired yesterday."

She said she had been very tired the day before.

She said she was very tired yesterday.

She said she had been very tired yesterday.

She said she is very tired the day before.

Question 79

Comprehension

Choose the correct meaning of idiom: Kicked up a row

Created chaos with calculated logic

Reacted aggressively in a social setting

Silently withdrew from a discussion

Avoided confrontation altogether

Question 80

Comprehension

Choose the correct phrasal verb: After months of negotiation, the two sides finally _____ an agreement acceptable to both parties.

arrived to

arrived at

arrived on

arrived with

Question 81

Comprehension

Select the sentence containing the homonym of the highlighted word: The current debate involves key economic issues.

The swimmer fought against the current.

The current trends favor decentralization.

His current address is unknown.

The minister spoke on current policy.

Question 82

Comprehension

Choose the most suitable option to replace the highlighted part of the sentence: The book is more better than the previous one.

much better then

better from

more good than

better than

Question 83

Comprehension

Convert the sentence provided below from its passive voice structure to an active voice structure: The machinery was known to have been operated manually during the testing phase.

Manual operators were known to test the machinery.

Someone was known to operate the machinery manually during testing.

It was known that the machinery had been manually tested.

It was known that someone had manually operated the machinery during testing.

Question 84

Comprehension

What does the idiom "There is no gainsaying the fact that the country is in difficulties" mean?

There is no denying that the country is facing challenges.

The country is making significant progress.

The country is refusing to acknowledge its problems.

The country is avoiding difficult situations.

Question 85

Comprehension

Spot the correct spelling of heat-energy physics.

Thermodinamics

Thermdynamics

Thermodynamics

Thermodynemics

Question 86

Comprehension

Choose the correct one-word substitute for: 'Fear of open spaces.'

Xenophobia

Claustrophobia

Acrophobia

Agoraphobia

Question 87

Comprehension

Rearrange the following sentences to form a meaningful passage: 1. Scientists had long theorized the existence of gravitational waves. 2. Their detection confirmed a major prediction of Einstein's theory. 3. They were eventually observed by LIGO in 2015. 4. The event opened new avenues in astrophysics.

1-3-2-4

2-3-1-4

3-2-4-1

4-1-3-2

Question 88

Comprehension

Choose the correct one-word substitute for: 'The study of coins and medals'.

Cartography

Numismatics

Epigraphy

Cryptography

Question 89

Comprehension

Fill in the blank with the correctly spelt word. The scientist was awarded for her work in ________ chemistry.

organometallic

organomettalic

organomettallik

organometalic

Question 90

Comprehension

A sentence is provided in indirect speech. From the four given options, choose the one that most accurately conveys the sentence in its corresponding direct speech. The envoy reported that the negotiations were languishing because neither party would concede procedural precedence.

The envoy reported, "The negotiations languish because neither party would concede procedural precedence."

The envoy said, "The negotiations are languishing because neither party will be conceding procedural precedence."

The envoy said, "The negotiations are languishing because neither party will concede procedural precedence."

The envoy said, "Negotiations languished, no party conceding precedence."

Question 91

Comprehension

Which spelling is correct for a word meaning 'deeply thoughtful or melancholy in tone'?

Pensieve

Pensive

Penssive

Pensiff

Question 92

Comprehension

Choose the most suitable option to replace the highlighted part of the sentence: They discussed the problem in details.

discusses in detail

discussed the problem in detail

discussed detailly

discussed with details

Question 93

Comprehension

Rearrange the following sentences in correct order to make a logical passage: 1. Data from multiple sources was compiled for the report. 2. The data was analyzed to derive logical insights. 3. The insights were used to make strategic decisions. 4. A report was generated to present the findings.

3-2-1-4

1-3-2-4

1-2-4-3

2-4-1-3

Question 94

Comprehension

Identify the tense and voice used in the sentence: "Early prototypes, such as horse-drawn wagon ways in 16th-century Europe, represented rudimentary precursors to modern trains..." Read the passage and answer the questions: The genesis of railway transportation marks one of humanity's most transformative engineering feats, profoundly reshaping industrial, social, and economic landscapes. Early prototypes, such as horse -drawn wagonways in 16th - century Europe, represented rudimentary precursors to modern trains, utilizing wooden rails to minimize friction and facilitate the movement of goods across short distances. The true revolution, however, ignited in the early 19th century with the advent of steam locomotives. Pioneers like George Stephenson, whose famous "Rocket" epitomized technological prowess, demonstrated the unprecedented potential of steam power to move both people and cargo efficiently. This innovation catalyzed the Industrial Revolution, knitting distant regions into cohesive economic fabrics and accelerating urbanization at an unparalleled pace. Throughout the 20th century, the ascendancy of diesel and electric locomotives superseded steam technology, offering greater efficiency, reliability, and environmental benefits. Bullet trains, inaugurated in Japan as the Shinkansen in 1964, redefined expec tations regarding speed, safety, and technological sophistication, inspiring global high -speed rail networks. In the contemporary era, magnetic levitation (maglev) trains and hyperloop prototypes promise to further erode the barriers of distance and time, potentially rendering conventional rail obsolete. Yet, amid this rapid evolution, trains remain emblematic not merely of mechanical ingenuity but of societal progression — testaments to human ambition to connect, accelerate, and transcend physical limitations. The trajectory of railway innovation encapsulates a narrative of relentless adaptation, one wherein each epochal shift reflects broader socio - technological metamorphoses.

Past Perfect Passive

Simple Past Active

Present Perfect Active

Past Continuous Passive

Question 95

Comprehension

What grammatical function does the phrase "utilizing wooden rails to minimize friction" serve in the sentence? "Early prototypes, such as horse-drawn wagon ways in 16th-century Europe, represented rudimentary precursors to modern trains, utilizing wooden rails to minimize friction and facilitate the movement of goods..." Read the passage and answer the questions: The genesis of railway transportation marks one of humanity's most transformative engineering feats, profoundly reshaping industrial, social, and economic landscapes. Early prototypes, such as horse -drawn wagonways in 16th - century Europe, represented rudimentary precursors to modern trains, utilizing wooden rails to minimize friction and facilitate the movement of goods across short distances. The true revolution, however, ignited in the early 19th century with the advent of steam locomotives. Pioneers like George Stephenson, whose famous "Rocket" epitomized technological prowess, demonstrated the unprecedented potential of steam power to move both people and cargo efficiently. This innovation catalyzed the Industrial Revolution, knitting distant regions into cohesive economic fabrics and accelerating urbanization at an unparalleled pace. Throughout the 20th century, the ascendancy of diesel and electric locomotives superseded steam technology, offering greater efficiency, reliability, and environmental benefits. Bullet trains, inaugurated in Japan as the Shinkansen in 1964, redefined expec tations regarding speed, safety, and technological sophistication, inspiring global high -speed rail networks. In the contemporary era, magnetic levitation (maglev) trains and hyperloop prototypes promise to further erode the barriers of distance and time, potentially rendering conventional rail obsolete. Yet, amid this rapid evolution, trains remain emblematic not merely of mechanical ingenuity but of societal progression — testaments to human ambition to connect, accelerate, and transcend physical limitations. The trajectory of railway innovation encapsulates a narrative of relentless adaptation, one wherein each epochal shift reflects broader socio - technological metamorphoses.

Adjective clause modifying "wagon ways"

Adverbial phrase explaining the manner

Noun clause functioning as object

Gerund phrase acting as the subject

Question 96

Comprehension

In the passage, what is the closest meaning of the word "superseded"? Read the passage and answer the questions: The genesis of railway transportation marks one of humanity's most transformative engineering feats, profoundly reshaping industrial, social, and economic landscapes. Early prototypes, such as horse -drawn wagonways in 16th - century Europe, represented rudimentary precursors to modern trains, utilizing wooden rails to minimize friction and facilitate the movement of goods across short distances. The true revolution, however, ignited in the early 19th century with the advent of steam locomotives. Pioneers like George Stephenson, whose famous "Rocket" epitomized technological prowess, demonstrated the unprecedented potential of steam power to move both people and cargo efficiently. This innovation catalyzed the Industrial Revolution, knitting distant regions into cohesive economic fabrics and accelerating urbanization at an unparalleled pace. Throughout the 20th century, the ascendancy of diesel and electric locomotives superseded steam technology, offering greater efficiency, reliability, and environmental benefits. Bullet trains, inaugurated in Japan as the Shinkansen in 1964, redefined expec tations regarding speed, safety, and technological sophistication, inspiring global high -speed rail networks. In the contemporary era, magnetic levitation (maglev) trains and hyperloop prototypes promise to further erode the barriers of distance and time, potentially rendering conventional rail obsolete. Yet, amid this rapid evolution, trains remain emblematic not merely of mechanical ingenuity but of societal progression — testaments to human ambition to connect, accelerate, and transcend physical limitations. The trajectory of railway innovation encapsulates a narrative of relentless adaptation, one wherein each epochal shift reflects broader socio - technological metamorphoses.

Upgraded

Replaced

Abandoned

Destroyed

Question 97

Comprehension

What is the meaning of the word "epochal" as used in the context: "...each epochal shift reflects broader socio-technological metamorphoses." Read the passage and answer the questions: The genesis of railway transportation marks one of humanity's most transformative engineering feats, profoundly reshaping industrial, social, and economic landscapes. Early prototypes, such as horse -drawn wagonways in 16th - century Europe, represented rudimentary precursors to modern trains, utilizing wooden rails to minimize friction and facilitate the movement of goods across short distances. The true revolution, however, ignited in the early 19th century with the advent of steam locomotives. Pioneers like George Stephenson, whose famous "Rocket" epitomized technological prowess, demonstrated the unprecedented potential of steam power to move both people and cargo efficiently. This innovation catalyzed the Industrial Revolution, knitting distant regions into cohesive economic fabrics and accelerating urbanization at an unparalleled pace. Throughout the 20th century, the ascendancy of diesel and electric locomotives superseded steam technology, offering greater efficiency, reliability, and environmental benefits. Bullet trains, inaugurated in Japan as the Shinkansen in 1964, redefined expec tations regarding speed, safety, and technological sophistication, inspiring global high -speed rail networks. In the contemporary era, magnetic levitation (maglev) trains and hyperloop prototypes promise to further erode the barriers of distance and time, potentially rendering conventional rail obsolete. Yet, amid this rapid evolution, trains remain emblematic not merely of mechanical ingenuity but of societal progression — testaments to human ambition to connect, accelerate, and transcend physical limitations. The trajectory of railway innovation encapsulates a narrative of relentless adaptation, one wherein each epochal shift reflects broader socio - technological metamorphoses.

Ancient

Minor

Highly significant or defining

Predictable

Question 98

Comprehension

. Which of the following best captures the overall tone of the passage? Read the passage and answer the questions: The genesis of railway transportation marks one of humanity's most transformative engineering feats, profoundly reshaping industrial, social, and economic landscapes. Early prototypes, such as horse -drawn wagonways in 16th - century Europe, represented rudimentary precursors to modern trains, utilizing wooden rails to minimize friction and facilitate the movement of goods across short distances. The true revolution, however, ignited in the early 19th century with the advent of steam locomotives. Pioneers like George Stephenson, whose famous "Rocket" epitomized technological prowess, demonstrated the unprecedented potential of steam power to move both people and cargo efficiently. This innovation catalyzed the Industrial Revolution, knitting distant regions into cohesive economic fabrics and accelerating urbanization at an unparalleled pace. Throughout the 20th century, the ascendancy of diesel and electric locomotives superseded steam technology, offering greater efficiency, reliability, and environmental benefits. Bullet trains, inaugurated in Japan as the Shinkansen in 1964, redefined expec tations regarding speed, safety, and technological sophistication, inspiring global high -speed rail networks. In the contemporary era, magnetic levitation (maglev) trains and hyperloop prototypes promise to further erode the barriers of distance and time, potentially rendering conventional rail obsolete. Yet, amid this rapid evolution, trains remain emblematic not merely of mechanical ingenuity but of societal progression — testaments to human ambition to connect, accelerate, and transcend physical limitations. The trajectory of railway innovation encapsulates a narrative of relentless adaptation, one wherein each epochal shift reflects broader socio - technological metamorphoses.

Nostalgic and critical

Analytical and celebratory

Indifferent and factual

Cautionary and skeptical

Question 99

Comprehension

Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word: CONFLAGRATION

Fire

Explosion

Storm

Flood

Question 100

Comprehension

Select the most appropriate antonym of the given word. Esoteric

Obscure

Straight Forward

Cryptic

Abstract